Sarkoidose - Info

Sarcoidosis (English-Content)
Sarcoidosis (or sarcoid)
Sarcoidosis (or sarcoid) is an immune system disorder characterised by non-necrotising granulomas (small inflammatory nodules). Virtually any organ can be affected, however, granulomas most often appear in the lungs (D86.0) or the lymph nodes (D86.1). Symptoms can occasionally appear suddenly but more often than not appear gradually. When viewing X-rays of the lungs, sarcoidosis can have the appearance of tuberculosis or lymphoma.
 
Epidemiology
Sarcoidosis occurs throughout the world in any race. It is more commonly seen in people of African descent than Caucasians, primarily people of northern European descent in the latter case. Pulmonary involvement is the most common presentation of sarcoidosis, but it can manifest in any organ.
 
Signs and symptoms
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease that can affect any organ. Common symptoms are vague, such as fatigue unchanged by sleep, lack of energy, aches and pains, arthralgia, dry eyes, blurry vision, shortness of breath, a dry hacking cough or skin lesions. The cutaneous symptoms are protean, and range from rashes and noduli (small bumps) to erythema nodosum or lupus pernio.
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Causes and pathophysiology
No direct cause of sarcoidosis has been identified, although there have been reports of cell wall deficient bacteria that may be possible pathogens. These bacteria are not identified in standard laboratory analysis. It has been thought that there may be a hereditary factor because some families have multiple members with sarcoidosis. To date, no reliable genetic markers have been identified, and an alternate hypotheses is that family members share similar exposures to environmental pathogens. There have also been reports of transmission of sarcoidosis via organ transplants.
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Treatment
Corticosteroids, most commonly prednisone, have been the standard treatment for many years. In some patients this treatment can slow or reverse the course of the disease, but other patients unfortunately do not respond to steroid therapy. The use of corticosteroids in mild disease is controversial because many times the disease can remit spontaneously. Additionally, corticoteroids have many recognized dose- and duration-related side effects, and their use has been linked to relapses and worsening of the disease.

Severe symptoms have generally been treated with steroids, and later with steroid-sparing agents. As the granulomas are caused by collections of immune system cells, particularly T cells, there has been some early indications of success using immunosuppressants, interleukin-2 inhibitors or anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment (such as infliximab). Unfortunately, none of these have provided reliable treatment and there can be signficant side effects such as an increased risk of reactivating latent tuberculosis.

Disciplined avoidance of sunlight and Vitamin D foods is necessary in patients who are prone to develop hypercalcemia and will help relieve symptoms in all sarcoidosis patients.

Antibiotic therapy has been reported to be effective for lung, lymph and cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis but this therapy is not currently the standard of care. On March 28, 2006, the FDA Office of Orphan Products Development designated Minocycline in the treatment of sarcoidosis, with the 'Autoimmunity Research Foundation' designated as the sponsor.